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Pratima is a step marking the spiritual rise of a lay person in Jainism. In Jainism, the spiritual rise of a lay householder (sravaka) is marked by eleven steps termed pratima.〔Shravakachar Sangrah, Five Volumes, Hiralal Jain Shastri, Jain Sanskruti Samrakshak Sangh Solapur, 1988〕 They are described in several codes of conduct (sravakacharas).〔Jaina yoga: a survey of the mediaeval śrāvakācāras By R. Williams〕 After having passed the eleven steps, one is no longer a sravaka, but a monk (muni). The pratimas are mentioned in several ancient texts including Uvasagadasao, Samavayanga sutra, Jayadhavala, Ratnakaranda Shravakachara etc.〔Upasakdashang aur uska Shravakachar, Subhash Kothari, Agam Ahimsa Samta Evam Prakrit Sansthan, Udaipur 1988〕 Ashadhara in his Sagara-Dharmammrata (13th century) has groups the 11 steps into three ranks. *Grahin (jaghanya: first to sixth pratima): The pratimas are: * * 1.Darshan Pratima (Right perspective): A Jain perspective and adherence to basic rules (identified as the eight fundamental gunas).〔भारतीय संस्कृति में जैन धर्म का योगदान, डॉ. हीरालाल जैन, मध्यप्रदेश शासन साहित्य परिषद्, भोपाल १९६२ http://www.jayjinendra.com/nirgranth/articles/bharatiya-sanskriti-hiralal2.php 〕 * * 2.Vrat Pratima (taking vows): Acceptance of Guna Vratas and Shiksha vratas in addition to the five Anuvratas. * * 3.Samayak Pratima (Periodic meditation): Engaging in meditation or worship on a regular basis. * * 4.Proshadhopvas Pratima (periodic fasting): fasting four times in a month. * * 5.Sachitta Tyaga Pratima: not eating vegetables having the capacity to grow again. * * 6. Ratribhukti Tyaga Pratima (or Diva Maithun Tyaga Pratima): Giving up eating during the night or coitus during the day. It is termed Kayotsarga Pratima in Shvetambar tradition. *Varnin (madhyama: seventh to ninth pratima): At this point the householder is termed a Varni. The pratimas are: * * 7. Brahmacharya Pratima (celibacy): abstaining from sex or related activity. * * 8. Arambha Tyaga Pratima (giving up occupations): refraining from any activity to earn a living. * * 9. Parigraha Tyaga Pratima (giving up possessions): detachment from most possessions. *Bhikshuka (uttama: tenth and eleventh pratima): At this point a person depends on others for daily survival. * * 10. Anurnati Tyaga Pratima (giving up right to give permissions): refraining from giving orders or expressing consents in the family. * * 11. Uddishta Tyaga Pratima (giving up specifically prepared food): only accepting food shared by other ordinary householders. Those who have ascended to the eleventh pratima are termed Kshullaka (with two articles of clothing) and Ailaka (with only one piece of cloth) in the Digambara tradition. The eleventh pratima is termed Shramanabhuta Pratima (being almost like a Shramana) in the Svetambara tradition. The next step is that of a full Jain Muni. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pratima (Jainism)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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